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    Volante à direita

    Sou um mero curioso, como tal por vezes pergunto-me: Qual a origem das especies, quem inventou a roda, etc...
    Hoje estava a ponderar sobre porque os volantes têm duas posições, ou seja, porque na inglaterra são á direita e em Portugal à esquerda, e porque no ocidente também é a direita?

    Quais as razões por detrás disso?

    Eu creio que na Inglaterra tem algo a ver com a navegação mas não tenho certezas.

    que acham?
    que sabem?

    Este tópico é apenas para nos aumentar a cultura enquanto seres que gostam do automovel como uma instituição, se por acaso for repetido ou esteja no sitio errado por favor mover. (não encontrei nada sobre a temática no forum)

    #2
    Na Inglaterra penso que é porque antigamente quando se andava de carroça para o chicote não bater nas pessoas que iam no passeio passaram o condutor para o lado direito.

    Comentário


      #3
      Uma das teorias é:

      Antigamente quando se andava a cavalo circulava-se do lado esquerdo da estrada, pq a maioria dos cavaleiros usavam a espada à esquerda para a tirar com a mão direita.

      E em combate convinha estar do lado esquerdo para atacar o que vinha em sentido contrário pela direita!

      Comentário


        #4
        Duas belas teorias - não fazia ideia

        Comentário


          #5
          Declaro a minha ignorância sobre este tópico , por acaso nunca me tinha lembrado disto

          Comentário


            #6
            Podem ver a história aqui.
            Right- and left-hand traffic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


            Cumprimentos,

            Comentário


              #7
              Numa rápida pesquisa:


              History and origin

              About a quarter of the world drives on the left, and the countries that do are mostly old British colonies. This strange quirk perplexes the rest of the world; but there is a perfectly good reason.

              In the past, almost everybody travelled on the left side of the road because that was the most sensible option for feudal, violent societies. Since most people are right-handed, swordsmen preferred to keep to the left in order to have their right arm nearer to an opponent and their scabbard further from him. Moreover, it reduced the chance of the scabbard (worn on the left) hitting other people.

              Furthermore, a right-handed person finds it easier to mount a horse from the left side of the horse, and it would be very difficult to do otherwise if wearing a sword (which would be worn on the left). It is safer to mount and dismount towards the side of the road, rather than in the middle of traffic, so if one mounts on the left, then the horse should be ridden on the left side of the road.

              In the late 1700s, however, teamsters in France and the United States began hauling farm products in big wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. These wagons had no driver's seat; instead the driver sat on the left rear horse, so he could keep his right arm free to lash the team. Since he was sitting on the left, he naturally wanted everybody to pass on the left so he could look down and make sure he kept clear of the oncoming wagon’s wheels. Therefore he kept to the right side of the road.

              In addition, the French Revolution of 1789 gave a huge impetus to right-hand travel in Europe. The fact is, before the Revolution, the aristocracy travelled on the left of the road, forcing the peasantry over to the right, but after the storming of the Bastille and the subsequent events, aristocrats preferred to keep a low profile and joined the peasants on the right. An official keep-right rule was introduced in Paris in 1794, more or less parallel to Denmark, where driving on the right had been made compulsory in 1793.

              Later, Napoleon's conquests spread the new rightism to the Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg), Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Russia and many parts of Spain and Italy. The states that had resisted Napoleon kept left – Britain, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Portugal. This European division, between the left- and right-hand nations would remain fixed for more than 100 years, until after the First World War.

              Although left-driving Sweden ceded Finland to right-driving Russia after the Russo-Swedish War (1808-1809), Swedish law – including traffic regulations – remained valid in Finland for another 50 years. It wasn’t until 1858 that an Imperial Russian decree made Finland swap sides.

              The trend among nations over the years has been toward driving on the right, but Britain has done its best to stave off global homogenisation. With the expansion of travel and road building in the 1800s, traffic regulations were made in every country. Left-hand driving was made mandatory in Britain in 1835. Countries which were part of the British Empire followed suit. This is why to this very day, India, Australasia and the former British colonies in Africa go left. An exception to the rule, however, is Egypt, which had been conquered by Napoleon before becoming a British dependency.

              Although Japan was never part of the British Empire, its traffic also goes to the left. Although the origin of this habit goes back to the Edo period (1603-1867) when Samurai ruled the country, it wasn’t until 1872 that this unwritten rule became more or less official. That was the year when Japan’s first railway was introduced, built with technical aid from the British. Gradually, a massive network of railways and tram tracks was built, and of course all trains and trams drove on the left-hand side. Still, it took another half century till in 1924 left-side driving was clearly written in a law.

              When the Dutch arrived in Indonesia in 1596, they brought along their habit of driving on the left. It wasn't until Napoleon conquered the Netherlands that the Dutch started driving on the right. Most of their colonies, however, remained on the left as did Indonesia and Suriname.

              In the early years of English colonisation of North America, English driving customs were followed and the colonies drove on the left. After gaining independence from England, however, they were anxious to cast off all remaining links with their British colonial past and gradually changed to right-hand driving. (Incidentally, the influence of other European countries’ nationals should not be underestimated.) The first law requiring drivers to keep right was passed in Pennsylvania in 1792, and similar laws were passed in New York in 1804 and New Jersey in 1813.

              Despite the developments in the US, some parts of Canada continued to drive on the left until shortly after the Second World War. The territory controlled by the French (from Quebec to Louisiana) drove on the right, but the territory occupied by the English (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland) kept left. British Columbia and the Atlantic provinces switched to the right in the 1920s in order to conform with the rest of Canada and the USA. Newfoundland drove on the left until 1947, and joined Canada in 1949.

              In Europe, the remaining left-driving countries switched one by one to driving on the right. Portugal changed in 1920s. The change took place on the same day in the whole country, including the colonies. Territories, however, which bordered other left-driving countries were exempted. That is why Macau, Goa (now part of India) and Portuguese East Africa kept the old system. East Timor, which borders left-driving Indonesia, did change to the right though, but left-hand traffic was reintroduced by the Indonesians in 1975.

              In Italy the practice of driving on the right first began in the late 1890s. The first Italian Highway Code, issued on the 30th of June 1912, stated that all vehicles had to drive on the right. Cities with a tram network, however, could retain left-hand driving if they placed warning signs at their city borders. The 1923 decree is a bit stricter, but Rome and the northern cities of Milan, Turin and Genoa could still keep left until further orders from the Ministry of Public Works. By the mid-1920s, right-hand driving became finally standard throughout the country. Rome made the change on the 1 of March 1925 and Milan on the 3rd of August 1926.
              Up till the 1930s Spain lacked national traffic regulations. Some parts of the country drove on the right (e.g. Barcelona) and other parts drove on the left (e.g. Madrid). On the 1st of October 1924 Madrid switched to driving on the right.

              The break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire caused no change: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Hungary continued to drive on the left. Austria itself was something of a curiosity. Half the country drove on the left and half on the right. The dividing line was precisely the area affected by Napoleon's conquests in 1805.

              When Germany annexed Austria in 1938, Hitler ordered that the traffic should change from the left to the right side of the road, overnight. The change threw the driving public into turmoil, because motorists were unable to see most road signs. In Vienna it proved impossible to change the trams overnight, so while all other traffic took to the right-hand side of the road, the trams continued to run on the left for several weeks. Czechoslovakia and Hungary, one of the last states on the mainland of Europe to keep left, changed to the right after being invaded by Germany in 1939.

              Meanwhile, the power of the right kept growing steadily. American cars were designed to be driven on the right by locating the drivers' controls on the vehicle's left side. With the mass production of reliable and economical cars in the United States, initial exports used the same design, and out of necessity many countries changed their rule of the road.

              Gibraltar changed to right-hand traffic in 1929 and China in 1946. Korea now drives right, but only because it passed directly from Japanese colonial rule to American and Russian influence at the end of the Second World War. Pakistan also considered changing to the right in the 1960s, but ultimately decided not to do it. The main argument against the shift was that camel trains often drove through the night while their drivers were dozing. The difficulty in teaching old camels new tricks was decisive in forcing Pakistan to reject the change. Nigeria, a former British colony, had traditionally been driving on the left with British imported right-hand-drive cars, but when it gained independence, it tried to throw off its colonial past as quick as possible and shifted to driving on the right.

              After the Second World War, left-driving Sweden, the odd one out in mainland Europe, felt increasing pressure to change sides in order to conform with the rest of the continent. The problem was that all their neighbours already drove on the right side and since there are a lot of small roads without border guards leading into Norway and Finland, one had to remember in which country one was.

              In 1955, the Swedish government held a referendum on the introduction of right-hand driving. Although no less than 82.9% voted “no” to the plebiscite, the Swedish parliament passed a law on the conversion to right-hand driving in 1963. Finally, the change took place on Sunday, the 3rd of September 1967, at 5 o’clock in the morning.

              All traffic with private motor-driven vehicles was prohibited four hours before and one hour after the conversion, in order to be able to rearrange all traffic signs. Even the army was called in to help. Also a very low speed limit was applied, which was raised in a number of steps. The whole process took about a month. After Sweden's successful changeover, Iceland changed the following year, in 1968. Ghana swapped sides in 1974.

              In the 1960s, Great Britain also considered changing, but the country’s conservative powers did everything they could to nip the proposal in the bud. Furthermore, the fact that it would cost billions of pounds to change everything round wasn’t much of an incentive… Eventually, Britain dropped the idea. Today, only four European countries still drive on the left: the United Kingdom, Ireland, Cyprus and Malta.

              On 7 September 2009 Samoa (population 189,000) became the first country ever to change from right- to left-hand driving. It had been driving on the right since it had become a German colony in the early 20th century, although it was administered by New Zealand after the First World War and gained independence in 1962. Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi wanted to swap sides to make it easier to import cheap cars from left-hand driving Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

              Fonte

              Lista de países com RHD:

              1. Anguilla
              2. Antigua and Barbuda
              3. Australia
              4. Bahamas
              5. Bangladesh
              6. Barbados
              7. Bermuda
              8. Bhutan
              9. Botswana
              10. Brunei
              11. Cayman Islands
              12. Christmas Island (Australia)
              13. Cook Islands
              14. Cyprus
              15. Dominica
              16. East Timor
              17. Falkland Islands
              18. Fiji
              19. Grenada
              20. Guernsey (Channel Islands)
              21. Guyana
              22. Hong Kong
              23. India
              24. Indonesia
              25. Ireland
              26. Isle of Man
              27. Jamaica
              28. Japan
              29. Jersey (Channel Islands)
              30. Kenya
              31. Kiribati
              32. Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
              33. Lesotho
              34. Macau
              35. Malawi
              36. Malaysia
              37. Maldives
              38. Malta
              39. Mauritius
              40. Montserrat
              41. Mozambique
              42. Namibia
              43. Nauru
              44. Nepal
              45. New Zealand
              46. Niue
              47. Norfolk Island (Australia)
              48. Pakistan
              49. Papua New Guinea
              50. Pitcairn Islands (Britain)
              51. Saint Helena
              52. Saint Kitts and Nevis
              53. Saint Lucia
              54. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
              55. Samoa
              56. Seychelles
              57. Singapore
              58. Solomon Islands
              59. South Africa
              60. Sri Lanka
              61. Suriname
              62. Swaziland
              63. Tanzania
              64. Thailand
              65. Tokelau (New Zealand)
              66. Tonga
              67. Trinidad and Tobago
              68. Turks and Caicos Islands
              69. Tuvalu
              70. Uganda
              71. United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland)
              72. Virgin Islands (British)
              73. Virgin Islands (US)
              74. Zambia
              75. Zimbabwe

              Lista de países com LHD:

              1. Afghanistan
              2. Albania
              3. Algeria
              4. American Samoa
              5. Andorra
              6. Angola
              7. Argentina
              8. Armenia
              9. Aruba
              10. Austria
              11. Azerbaijan
              12. Bahrain
              13. Belarus
              14. Belgium
              15. Belize
              16. Benin
              17. Bolivia
              18. Bosnia and Herzegovina
              19. Brazil
              20. British Indian Ocean Territory (Diego García)
              21. Bulgaria
              22. Burkina Faso
              23. Burundi
              24. Cambodia
              25. Cameroon
              26. Canada
              27. Cape Verde
              28. Central African Republic
              29. Chad
              30. Chile
              31. China, People's Republic of (Mainland China)
              32. Colombia
              33. Comoros
              34. Congo
              35. Congo (former Republic of Zaire)
              36. Costa Rica
              37. Croatia
              38. Cuba
              39. Czech Republic
              40. Denmark
              41. Djibouti
              42. Dominican Republic
              43. Ecuador
              44. Egypt
              45. El Salvador
              46. Equatorial Guinea
              47. Eritrea
              48. Estonia
              49. Ethiopia
              50. Faroe Islands (Denmark)
              51. Finland
              52. France
              53. French Guiana
              54. French Polynesia
              55. Gabon
              56. Gambia, The
              57. Gaza Strip
              58. Georgia
              59. Germany
              60. Ghana
              61. Gibraltar
              62. Greece
              63. Greenland
              64. Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
              65. Guam
              66. Guatemala
              67. Guinea
              68. Guinea-Bissau
              69. Haiti
              70. Honduras
              71. Hungary
              72. Iceland
              73. Iran
              74. Iraq
              75. Israel
              76. Italy
              77. Ivory Coast
              78. Jordan
              79. Kazakhstan
              80. Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea)
              81. Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
              82. Kuwait
              83. Kyrgyzstan
              84. Laos
              85. Latvia
              86. Lebanon
              87. Liberia
              88. Libya
              89. Liechtenstein
              90. Lithuania
              91. Luxembourg
              92. Macedonia
              93. Madagascar
              94. Mali
              95. Marshall Islands
              96. Martinique (French West Indies)
              97. Mauritania
              98. Mayotte (France)
              99. Mexico
              100. Micronesia, Federated States of
              101. Midway Islands (USA)
              102. Moldova
              103. Monaco
              104. Mongolia
              105. Morocco
              106. Myanmar (formerly Burma)
              107. Netherlands
              108. Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao, St. Maarten, St. Eustatius, Saba)
              109. New Caledonia
              110. Nicaragua
              111. Niger
              112. Nigeria
              113. Northern Mariana Islands
              114. Norway
              115. Oman
              116. Palau
              117. Panama
              118. Paraguay
              119. Peru
              120. Philippines
              121. Poland
              122. Portugal
              123. Puerto Rico
              124. Qatar
              125. Réunion
              126. Romania
              127. Russia
              128. Rwanda
              129. Saint Barthélemy (French West Indies)
              130. Saint Martin (French West Indies)
              131. Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)
              132. San Marino
              133. Sao Tome e Principe
              134. Saudi Arabia
              135. Senegal
              136. Serbia and Montenegro
              137. Sierra Leone
              138. Slovakia
              139. Slovenia
              140. Somalia
              141. Spain
              142. Sudan
              143. Svalbard (Norway)
              144. Sweden
              145. Switzerland
              146. Syria
              147. Taiwan
              148. Tajikistan
              149. Togo
              150. Tunisia
              151. Turkey
              152. Turkmenistan
              153. Ukraine
              154. United Arab Emirates
              155. United States
              156. Uruguay
              157. Uzbekistan
              158. Vanuatu
              159. Venezuela
              160. Vietnam
              161. Wake Island (USA)
              162. Wallis and Futuna Islands (France)
              163. West Bank
              164. Western Sahara
              165. Yemen

              Comentário


                #8
                Obrigado a todos, creio me bem mais esclarecido, sempre foi algo que pensei mas nunca tinha chegado a alguma conclusão.

                Comentário


                  #9
                  Primeiro, todos tinham volante à direta e circulavam pela esquerda.
                  Depois a maior parte passou para volante à esquerda e circulação pela direita.

                  Uma das razões dos Ingleses é que a melhor mão para a maior parte das pessoas (destras) fica com o volante e a pior com a caixa de velocidades.

                  O que é certo é que os Comboios andam à Inglesa.

                  Comentário


                    #10
                    já sabia da história do chicote, nao sabia era que havia tantos países com condução do lado errado da estrada.

                    penso que nao haverá países com volante à direita a conduzirem na esquerda como nós, penso eu. já agora, falam de condução com volante à esquerda como se conduzíssemos à esquerda também, certo? estou a precisar de dormir...

                    Comentário


                      #11
                      Originalmente Colocado por caditonuno Ver Post
                      já sabia da história do chicote, nao sabia era que havia tantos países com condução do lado errado da estrada.

                      penso que nao haverá países com volante à direita a conduzirem na esquerda como nós, penso eu. já agora, falam de condução com volante à esquerda como se conduzíssemos à esquerda também, certo? estou a precisar de dormir...
                      Por falar nisso, esta 3a feira vi em Seia uma vw golf mkI de caixa aberta matrícula ZR importada talvez da África do Sul, já que as letras eram à esquerda, mas o volante à direita. Além dessa andava também há uns anos um Peugeot 309 branco de uma ex-emigrante em Inglaterra.

                      Comentário


                        #12
                        Originalmente Colocado por gtabarth Ver Post
                        Primeiro, todos tinham volante à direta e circulavam pela esquerda.
                        Depois a maior parte passou para volante à esquerda e circulação pela direita.

                        Uma das razões dos Ingleses é que a melhor mão para a maior parte das pessoas (destras) fica com o volante e a pior com a caixa de velocidades.

                        O que é certo é que os Comboios andam à Inglesa.
                        Ainda bem que sou canhoto

                        Comentário


                          #13
                          Originalmente Colocado por LIC Ver Post
                          Por falar nisso, esta 3a feira vi em Seia uma vw golf mkI de caixa aberta matrícula ZR importada talvez da África do Sul, já que as letras eram à esquerda, mas o volante à direita. Além dessa andava também há uns anos um Peugeot 309 branco de uma ex-emigrante em Inglaterra.
                          há por aqui uma golf dessas de cor azul, mas penso que o volante é do lado esquerdo. já nao a vejo há algum tempo. apareceu já no HOJE EU VI.

                          Comentário


                            #14
                            Originalmente Colocado por caditonuno Ver Post
                            há por aqui uma golf dessas de cor azul, mas penso que o volante é do lado esquerdo. já nao a vejo há algum tempo. apareceu já no HOJE EU VI.
                            Isso não é uma Caddy?

                            Comentário


                              #15
                              Originalmente Colocado por gtabarth Ver Post
                              ...

                              O que é certo é que os Comboios andam à Inglesa.
                              Tb é uma questão interessante...

                              Alguem sabe?

                              Comentário


                                #16
                                a caixa do lado esq n dá jeito nenhum

                                Comentário


                                  #17
                                  Originalmente Colocado por Agent Ver Post
                                  Tb é uma questão interessante...

                                  Alguem sabe?

                                  Pelo menos cá em Portugal foram os Ingleses que deram uma mãozinha no ínicio do caminho de ferro.

                                  Comentário


                                    #18
                                    Originalmente Colocado por Agent Ver Post
                                    Tb é uma questão interessante...

                                    Alguem sabe?
                                    A revolução Industrial teve o seu grande Boom no Uk, e os Caminhos de ferro eram uma parte importante desse sistema.

                                    Comentário


                                      #19
                                      Como se andou séculos a arranjar unidades baseadas em lógicas décimais para contrair os Ingleses; o que é certo é que as horas continuam com lógica sexagésimal.

                                      Só temos certeza de uma coisa: 1 ano é o tempo que a terra demora a dar uma volta ao Sol; e em dias são 365 dias e 6 horas.
                                      1 dia = 24 horas
                                      1 hora = 60 minutos
                                      1 minuto = 60 segundos

                                      Quanto ao comprimento e o metro (ou Km), ele tem uma lógica.
                                      Um metro é o comprimento do trajeto percorrido pela luz no vácuo durante um intervalo de tempo de 1/299.792.458 de segundo.
                                      Isto porque a velocidade da luz no vácuo = 299.792.458 m/s.

                                      Já as nossas jantes, continuam a ser classificadas por polegadas...

                                      Uma tremenda salada

                                      Comentário

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